Apakah Anda sering memeriksa kadar kolesterol darah Anda ? Sudahkah Anda mengetahui batasan-batasannya ? Berikut adalah batasan yang disepakati sebagai tolak ukur kadar kolesterol darah.
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| TEST | NORMAL VALUE* | CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE |
| Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) | 7-18 mg/dL | Increased in renal disease and dehydration; decreased in liver damage and malnutrition |
| Carbon dioxide (CO2) (includes bicarbonate) | 23-30 mmol/L | Useful to evaluate acid-base balance by measuring total carbon dioxide in the blood: Elevated in vomiting and pulmonary disease; decreased in diabetic acidosis, acute renal failure, and hyperventilation |
| Chloride (Cl) | 98-106 mEq/L | Increased in dehydration, hyperventilation, and congestive heart failure; decreased in vomiting,diarrhea, and fever |
| Creatinine | 0.6-1.2 mg/dL | Produced at a constant rate and excreted by the kidney; increased in kidney disease |
| Glucose | Fasting: 70-110 mg/dL Random: 85-125 mg/dL | Increased in diabetes and severe illness; decreased in insulin overdose or hypoglycemia |
| Potassium (K) | 3.5-5 mEq/L | Increased in renal failure, extensive cell damage, and acidosis; decreased in vomiting, diarrhea, and excess administration of diuretics or IV fluids |
| Sodium (Na) | 101-111 mEq/L or 135-148 mEq/L (depending on test) | Increased in dehydration and diabetes insipidus; decreased in overload of IV fluids, burns,diarrhea, or vomiting |
| Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) | 10-40 U/L | Used to diagnose and monitor treatment of liver disease and to monitor the effects of drugs on the liver; increased in myocardial infarction |
| Albumin | 3.8-5.0 g/dL | Albumin holds water in blood; decreased in liver disease and kidney disease |
| Albumin-globulin ratio (A/G ratio) | Greater than 1 | Low A/G ratio signifies a tendency for edema because globulin is less effective than albumin at holding water in the blood |
| Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) | 20-70 U/L (varies by method) | Enzyme of bone metabolism; increased in liver disease and metastatic bone disease |
| Amylase | 21-160 U/L | Used to diagnose and monitor treatment of acute pancreatitis and to detect inflammation of the salivary glands |
| Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) | 0-41 U/L (varies) | Enzyme present in tissues with high metabolic activity; increased in myocardial infarction and liver disease |
| Bilirubin, total | 0.2-1.0 mg/dL | Breakdown product of hemoglobin from red blood cells; increased when excessive red blood cells are being destroyed or in liver disease |
| Calcium (Ca) | 8.8-10.0 mg/dL | Increased in excess parathyroid hormone production and in cancer; decreased in alkalosis, elevated phosphate in renal failure, and excess IV fluids |
| Cholesterol | 120-220 mg/dL desirable range | Screening test used to evaluate risk of heart disease; levels of 200 mg/dL or above indicate increased risk of heart disease and warrant further investigation |
| Creatine phosphokinase (CPK or CK) | Men: 38-174 U/L Women: 96-140 U/L | Elevated enzyme level indicates myocardial infarction or damage to skeletal muscle. When elevated,specific fractions (isoenzymes) are tested for |
| Gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) | Men: 6-26 U/L Women: 4-18 U/L | Used to diagnose liver disease and to test for chronic alcoholism |
| Globulins | 2.3-3.5 g/dL | Proteins active in immunity; help albumin keep water in blood |
| Iron, serum (Fe) | Men: 75-175 g/dL Women:65-165 /dL | Decreased in iron deficiency and anemia; increased in hemolytic conditions |
| High-density lipoproteins (HDLs) | Men: 30-70 mg/dL Women:30-85 mg/dL | Used to evaluate the risk of heart disease |
| Lactic dehydrogenase(LDH or LD) | 95-200 U/L (Normal ranges vary greatly) | Enzyme released in many kinds of tissue damage, including myocardial infarction, pulmonary infarction, and liver disease |
| Lipase | 4-24 U/L (varies with test) | Enzyme used to diagnose pancreatitis |
| Low-density lipoproteins (LDLs) | 80-140 mg/dL | Used to evaluate the risk of heart disease |
| Magnesium (Mg) | 1.3-2.1 mEq/L | Vital in neuromuscular function; decreased levels may occur in malnutrition, alcoholism, pancreatitis, diarrhea |
| Phosphorus ((Page*)) (inorganic) | 2.7-4.5 mg/dL | Evaluated in response to calcium; main store is in bone: elevated in kidney disease; decreased in excess parathyroid hormone |
| Protein, total | 6-8 g/dL | Increased in dehydration, multiple myeloma;decreased in kidney disease, liver disease, poor nutrition, severe burns, excessive bleeding |
| Serum glutamic oxalacetic transaminase (SGOT) | > | See Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) |
| Serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT) | > | See Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) |
| Thyroxin (T4) | 5-12.5 g/dL (varies) | Screening test of thyroid function; increased in hyperthyroidism; decreased in myxedema and hypothyroidism |
| Thyroid-stimulatinghormone (TSH) | 0.5-6 mlU/L | Produced by pituitary to promote thyroid gland function; elevated when thyroid gland is not functioning |
| Triiodothyronine (T3) | 120-195 mg/dL | Elevated in specific types of hyperthyroidism |
| Triglycerides | Men: 40-160 mg/dL Women: 35-135 mg/dL | An indication of ability to metabolize fats; increased triglycerides and cholesterol indicate high risk of atherosclerosis |
| Uric acid | Men: 3.5-7.2 mg/dL Women:2.6-6.0 mg/dL | Produced by breakdown of ingested purines in food and nucleic acids; elevated in kidney disease, gout, and leukemia |
| Determination | Normal Reference Value | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Conventional units | SI units | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Blood, Plasma or Serum | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Ammonia (NH3) – diffusion | 20-120 mcg/dl | 12-70 mcmol/L | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Ammonia Nitrogen | 15-45 µg/dl | 11-32 µmol/L | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Amylase | 35-118 IU/L | 0.58-1.97 mckat/L | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Anion gap (Na+-[Cl - + HCO3- ]) (P) | 7-16 mEq/L | 7-16 mmol/L | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Antithrombin III (AT III) | 80–120 U/dl | 800–1200 U/L | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Bicarbonate | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Arterial | 21–28 mEq/L | 21–28 mmol/L | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Venous | 22–29 mEq/L | 22–29 mmol/L | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Bilirubin | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Conjugated (direct) Total | £ 0.2 mg/dl & 0.1–1 mg/dl |
£ 4 mcmol/L & 2–18 mcmol/L |
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| Calcitonin | < 100 pg/ml | < 100 ng/L | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Calcium | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total | 8.6–10.3 mg/dl | 2.2–2.74 mmol/L | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Ionized | 4.4–5.1 mg/dl | 1–1.3 mmol/L | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Carbon dioxide content (plasma) | 21–32 mmol/L | 21–32 mmol/L | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Carcinoembryonic antigen | < 3 ng/ml | < 3 mcg/L | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Chloride | 95–110 mEq/L | 95–110 mmol/L | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Coagulation screen | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Bleeding time | 3–9.5 min | 180–570 sec | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Prothrombin time | 10–13 sec | 10–13 sec | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Partial thromboplastin time (activated) | 22–37 sec | 22–37 sec | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Protein C | 0.7–1.4 µ/ml | 700–1400 U/ml | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Protein S | 0.7–1.4 µ/ml | 700–1400 U/ml | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Copper, total | 70–160 mcg/dl | 11–25 mcmol/L | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Corticotropin (ACTH adrenocorticotropic hormone) – 0800 hr | < 60 pg/ml | < 13.2 pmol/L | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Cortisol | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 0800 hr | 5–30 mcg/dl | 138–810 nmol/L | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 1800 hr | 2–15 mcg/dl | 50–410 nmol/L | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2000 hr | £ 50% of 0800 hr | £ 50% of 0800 hr | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Creatine kinase | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Female | 20–170 IU/L | 0.33–2.83 mckat/L | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Male | 30–220 IU/L | 0.5–3.67 mckat/L | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Creatinine kinase isoenzymes, MB fraction | 0–12 IU/L | 0–0.2 mckat/L | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Creatinine | 0.5–1.7 mg/dl | 44–150 mcmol/L | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Fibrinogen (coagulation factor I) | 150–360 mg/dl | 1.5–3.6 g/L | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Female | 2–13 mlU/ml | 2–13 IU/L | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Midcycle | 5–22 mlU/ml | 5–22 IU/L | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Male | 1–8 mlU/ml | 1–8 IU/L | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Glucose, fasting | 65–115 mg/dl | 3.6–6.3 mmol/L | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Glucose Tolerance Test (Oral) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| (g) – Glutamyltransferase (GGT) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Male | 9–50 units/L | 9–50 units/L | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Female | 8–40 units/L | 8–40 units/L | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Haptoglobin | 44–303 mg/dl | 0.44–3.03 g/L | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Hematologic Tests | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Fibrinogen | 200–400 mg/dl | 2–4 g/L | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Hematocrit (Hct) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| female | 36%-44.6% | 0.36–0.446 fraction of 1 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| male | 40.7%-50.3% | 0.4–0.503 fraction of 1 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Hemoglobin A 1C | 5.3%-7.5% of total Hgb | 0.053–0.075 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Hemoglobin (Hb) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| female | 12.1–15.3 g/dl | 121–153 g/L | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| male | 13.8–17.5 g/dl | 138–175 g/L | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Leukocyte count (WBC) | 3800–9800/mcl | 3.8–9.8 x 109/L | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Erythrocyte count (RBC) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| female | 3.5–5 x 106/mcl | 3.5–5 x 1012/L | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| male | 4.3–5.9 x 106/mcl | 4.3–5.9 x 1012/L | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Mean corpuscular volume (MCV) | 80–97.6 mcm3 | 80–97.6 fl | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) | 27–33 pg/cell | 1.66–2.09 fmol/cell | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentrate (MCHC) | 33–36 g/dl | 20.3–22 mmol/L | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (sedrate, ESR) | £30 mm/hr | £30 mm/hr | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Erythrocyte enzymes | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Glucose-6 – Pphosphate dehydrognase (G-6-PD) | 250–5000 units/106 cells | 250–5000 mcunits/cell | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Saya bukannya mau promosi merek ini, cuma kebetulan saya dapat pertanyaan dari pasien saya tentang Niacin, dan gambar sediaan yang cantik adanya cuma ini 
Berhubung yang sudah terlanjur ditampilkan gambarnya Niaspan, sekalian saya expose saja biar puas.
Berita baik buat “peggemar” endoskopi (emang ada yang gemar dengan endoskopi hehehe). Ada pepatah mengatakan “tak kenal maka tak sayang”. Di dunia kedokteran ada pepatah “tak lihat maka tak yakin”… eh bo’ong kok, itu saya ngarang sendiri. Cuma maksudnya bener, bahwa memang terbaik dalam dunia kedokteran adalah melihat sendiri. Itu adalah alasan kenapa diciptakan suatu prosedur yang disebut endoskopi. Prosedur ini mengharuskan pasien menelan selang mirip mie yang panjang melalui mulutnya. Selang ini di ujungnya ada kamera, lampu, dan beberapa fungsi lainnya seperti penjepit, penghisap, dan lain-lain. Kepentingannya adalah selain melihat dengan yakin, juga memanipulasi (mengambil, meniup, menghisap, mengikat, dll) ketika diperlukan saat itu juga.
Tulisan ini saya post khusus sebagai tambahan atas post saya tentang cacar air, karena banyaknya pertanyaan yang sampai ke email saya seputar masalah ini. Baiklah saya lengkapi sedikit tentang perbedaan kedua macam cacar tersebut.
Istilah kedokteran untuk cacar air adalah Varicella; sedangkan untuk cacar monyet atau cacar api, ini adalah penyakit kulit lain yang disebut Impetigo. Impetigo ini ada 2 macam, dan sering keduanya punya nama yang berbeda pula. Impetigo krustosa yang disebut cacar madu (pada beberapa daerah), dan impetigo krustosa atau cacar api / cacar monyet. Wah banyak ternyata ya ??
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