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Referensi Nilai Kolesterol Normal

dr. Arief | November 14, 2008

Apakah Anda sering memeriksa kadar kolesterol darah Anda ? Sudahkah Anda mengetahui batasan-batasannya ? Berikut adalah batasan yang disepakati sebagai tolak ukur kadar kolesterol darah.
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Informasi Untuk Pasien, Konsultasi, Perlengkapan Praktek
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cholesterol, HDL, kolestrol, LDL, trigliserida, triglycerides
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Nilai Referensi Pemeriksaan Kimia Darah

dr. Arief | November 13, 2008


TEST NORMAL VALUE* CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE
Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) 7-18 mg/dL Increased in renal disease and dehydration; decreased in liver damage and malnutrition
Carbon dioxide (CO2) (includes bicarbonate) 23-30 mmol/L Useful to evaluate acid-base balance by measuring total carbon dioxide in the blood: Elevated in vomiting and pulmonary disease; decreased in diabetic acidosis, acute renal failure, and hyperventilation
Chloride (Cl) 98-106 mEq/L Increased in dehydration, hyperventilation, and congestive heart failure; decreased in vomiting,diarrhea, and fever
Creatinine 0.6-1.2 mg/dL Produced at a constant rate and excreted by the kidney; increased in kidney disease
Glucose Fasting: 70-110 mg/dL Random: 85-125 mg/dL Increased in diabetes and severe illness; decreased in insulin overdose or hypoglycemia
Potassium (K) 3.5-5 mEq/L Increased in renal failure, extensive cell damage, and acidosis; decreased in vomiting, diarrhea, and excess administration of diuretics or IV fluids
Sodium (Na) 101-111 mEq/L or 135-148 mEq/L (depending on test) Increased in dehydration and diabetes insipidus; decreased in overload of IV fluids, burns,diarrhea, or vomiting
Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) 10-40 U/L Used to diagnose and monitor treatment of liver disease and to monitor the effects of drugs on the liver; increased in myocardial infarction
Albumin 3.8-5.0 g/dL Albumin holds water in blood; decreased in liver disease and kidney disease
Albumin-globulin ratio (A/G ratio) Greater than 1 Low A/G ratio signifies a tendency for edema because globulin is less effective than albumin at holding water in the blood
Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) 20-70 U/L (varies by method) Enzyme of bone metabolism; increased in liver disease and metastatic bone disease
Amylase 21-160 U/L Used to diagnose and monitor treatment of acute pancreatitis and to detect inflammation of the salivary glands
Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) 0-41 U/L (varies) Enzyme present in tissues with high metabolic activity; increased in myocardial infarction and liver disease
Bilirubin, total 0.2-1.0 mg/dL Breakdown product of hemoglobin from red blood cells; increased when excessive red blood cells are being destroyed or in liver disease
Calcium (Ca) 8.8-10.0 mg/dL Increased in excess parathyroid hormone production and in cancer; decreased in alkalosis, elevated phosphate in renal failure, and excess IV fluids
Cholesterol 120-220 mg/dL desirable range Screening test used to evaluate risk of heart disease; levels of 200 mg/dL or above indicate increased risk of heart disease and warrant further investigation
Creatine phosphokinase (CPK or CK) Men: 38-174 U/L Women: 96-140 U/L Elevated enzyme level indicates myocardial infarction or damage to skeletal muscle. When elevated,specific fractions (isoenzymes) are tested for
Gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) Men: 6-26 U/L Women: 4-18 U/L Used to diagnose liver disease and to test for chronic alcoholism
Globulins 2.3-3.5 g/dL Proteins active in immunity; help albumin keep water in blood
Iron, serum (Fe) Men: 75-175 g/dL Women:65-165 /dL Decreased in iron deficiency and anemia; increased in hemolytic conditions
High-density lipoproteins (HDLs) Men: 30-70 mg/dL Women:30-85 mg/dL Used to evaluate the risk of heart disease
Lactic dehydrogenase(LDH or LD) 95-200 U/L (Normal ranges vary greatly) Enzyme released in many kinds of tissue damage, including myocardial infarction, pulmonary infarction, and liver disease
Lipase 4-24 U/L (varies with test) Enzyme used to diagnose pancreatitis
Low-density lipoproteins (LDLs) 80-140 mg/dL Used to evaluate the risk of heart disease
Magnesium (Mg) 1.3-2.1 mEq/L Vital in neuromuscular function; decreased levels may occur in malnutrition, alcoholism, pancreatitis, diarrhea
Phosphorus ((Page*)) (inorganic) 2.7-4.5 mg/dL Evaluated in response to calcium; main store is in bone: elevated in kidney disease; decreased in excess parathyroid hormone
Protein, total 6-8 g/dL Increased in dehydration, multiple myeloma;decreased in kidney disease, liver disease, poor nutrition, severe burns, excessive bleeding
Serum glutamic oxalacetic transaminase (SGOT) > See Aspartate aminotransferase (AST)
Serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT) > See Alanine aminotransferase (ALT)
Thyroxin (T4) 5-12.5 g/dL (varies) Screening test of thyroid function; increased in hyperthyroidism; decreased in myxedema and hypothyroidism
Thyroid-stimulatinghormone (TSH) 0.5-6 mlU/L Produced by pituitary to promote thyroid gland function; elevated when thyroid gland is not functioning
Triiodothyronine (T3) 120-195 mg/dL Elevated in specific types of hyperthyroidism
Triglycerides Men: 40-160 mg/dL Women: 35-135 mg/dL An indication of ability to metabolize fats; increased triglycerides and cholesterol indicate high risk of atherosclerosis
Uric acid Men: 3.5-7.2 mg/dL Women:2.6-6.0 mg/dL Produced by breakdown of ingested purines in food and nucleic acids; elevated in kidney disease, gout, and leukemia

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Nilai Normal Laboratorium

dr. Arief |

Determination Normal Reference Value
Conventional units SI units
Blood, Plasma or Serum
Ammonia (NH3) - diffusion 20-120 mcg/dl 12-70 mcmol/L
Ammonia Nitrogen 15-45 µg/dl 11-32 µmol/L
Amylase 35-118 IU/L 0.58-1.97 mckat/L
Anion gap (Na+-[Cl - + HCO3- ]) (P) 7-16 mEq/L 7-16 mmol/L
Antithrombin III (AT III) 80–120 U/dl 800–1200 U/L
Bicarbonate
Arterial 21–28 mEq/L 21–28 mmol/L
Venous 22–29 mEq/L 22–29 mmol/L
Bilirubin
Conjugated (direct) Total £ 0.2 mg/dl
&
0.1–1 mg/dl
£ 4 mcmol/L
&
2–18 mcmol/L
Calcitonin < 100 pg/ml < 100 ng/L
Calcium
Total 8.6–10.3 mg/dl 2.2–2.74 mmol/L
Ionized 4.4–5.1 mg/dl 1–1.3 mmol/L
Carbon dioxide content (plasma) 21–32 mmol/L 21–32 mmol/L
Carcinoembryonic antigen < 3 ng/ml < 3 mcg/L
Chloride 95–110 mEq/L 95–110 mmol/L
Coagulation screen
Bleeding time 3–9.5 min 180–570 sec
Prothrombin time 10–13 sec 10–13 sec
Partial thromboplastin time (activated) 22–37 sec 22–37 sec
Protein C 0.7–1.4 µ/ml 700–1400 U/ml
Protein S 0.7–1.4 µ/ml 700–1400 U/ml
Copper, total 70–160 mcg/dl 11–25 mcmol/L
Corticotropin (ACTH adrenocorticotropic hormone) - 0800 hr < 60 pg/ml < 13.2 pmol/L
Cortisol
0800 hr 5–30 mcg/dl 138–810 nmol/L
1800 hr 2–15 mcg/dl 50–410 nmol/L
2000 hr £ 50% of 0800 hr £ 50% of 0800 hr
Creatine kinase
Female 20–170 IU/L 0.33–2.83 mckat/L
Male 30–220 IU/L 0.5–3.67 mckat/L
Creatinine kinase isoenzymes, MB fraction 0–12 IU/L 0–0.2 mckat/L
Creatinine 0.5–1.7 mg/dl 44–150 mcmol/L
Fibrinogen (coagulation factor I) 150–360 mg/dl 1.5–3.6 g/L
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
Female 2–13 mlU/ml 2–13 IU/L
Midcycle 5–22 mlU/ml 5–22 IU/L
Male 1–8 mlU/ml 1–8 IU/L
Glucose, fasting 65–115 mg/dl 3.6–6.3 mmol/L
Glucose Tolerance Test (Oral)
(mg/dl) (mmol/L)
Normal Diabetic Normal Diabetic
Fasting 70–105 > 140 3.9–5.8 > 7.8
60 min 120–170 ³ 200 6.7–9.4 ³ 11.1
90 min 100–140 ³ 200 5.6–7.8 ³ 11.1
120 min 70–120 ³ 140 3.9–6.7 ³ 7.8
(g) - Glutamyltransferase (GGT)
Male 9–50 units/L 9–50 units/L
Female 8–40 units/L 8–40 units/L
Haptoglobin 44–303 mg/dl 0.44–3.03 g/L
Hematologic Tests
Fibrinogen 200–400 mg/dl 2–4 g/L
Hematocrit (Hct)
female 36%-44.6% 0.36–0.446 fraction of 1
male 40.7%-50.3% 0.4–0.503 fraction of 1
Hemoglobin A 1C 5.3%-7.5% of total Hgb 0.053–0.075
Hemoglobin (Hb)
female 12.1–15.3 g/dl 121–153 g/L
male 13.8–17.5 g/dl 138–175 g/L
Leukocyte count (WBC) 3800–9800/mcl 3.8–9.8 x 109/L
Erythrocyte count (RBC)
female 3.5–5 x 106/mcl 3.5–5 x 1012/L
male 4.3–5.9 x 106/mcl 4.3–5.9 x 1012/L
Mean corpuscular volume (MCV) 80–97.6 mcm3 80–97.6 fl
Mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) 27–33 pg/cell 1.66–2.09 fmol/cell
Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentrate (MCHC) 33–36 g/dl 20.3–22 mmol/L
Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (sedrate, ESR) £30 mm/hr £30 mm/hr
Erythrocyte enzymes
Glucose-6 - Pphosphate dehydrognase (G-6-PD) 250–5000 units/106 cells 250–5000 mcunits/cell

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Tangani kolesterol Anda dengan Niacin

dr. Arief | November 10, 2008

Saya bukannya mau promosi merek ini, cuma kebetulan saya dapat pertanyaan dari pasien saya tentang Niacin, dan gambar sediaan yang cantik adanya cuma ini :) Berhubung yang sudah terlanjur ditampilkan gambarnya Niaspan, sekalian saya expose saja biar puas.

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Endoskopi tidak lagi menyakitkan :)

dr. Arief | November 2, 2008

Berita baik buat “peggemar” endoskopi (emang ada yang gemar dengan endoskopi hehehe). Ada pepatah mengatakan “tak kenal maka tak sayang”. Di dunia kedokteran ada pepatah “tak lihat maka tak yakin”… eh bo’ong kok, itu saya ngarang sendiri. Cuma maksudnya bener, bahwa memang terbaik dalam dunia kedokteran adalah melihat sendiri. Itu adalah alasan kenapa diciptakan suatu prosedur yang disebut endoskopi. Prosedur ini mengharuskan pasien menelan selang mirip mie yang panjang melalui mulutnya. Selang ini di ujungnya ada kamera, lampu, dan beberapa fungsi lainnya seperti penjepit, penghisap, dan lain-lain. Kepentingannya adalah selain melihat dengan yakin, juga memanipulasi (mengambil, meniup, menghisap, mengikat, dll) ketika diperlukan saat itu juga.

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Apa Bedanya Cacar Air dan Cacar Api (cacar monyet) ?

dr. Arief | November 1, 2008

Tulisan ini saya post khusus sebagai tambahan atas post saya tentang cacar air, karena banyaknya pertanyaan yang sampai ke email saya seputar masalah ini. Baiklah saya lengkapi sedikit tentang perbedaan kedua macam cacar tersebut.

Istilah kedokteran untuk cacar air adalah Varicella; sedangkan untuk cacar monyet atau cacar api, ini adalah penyakit kulit lain yang disebut Impetigo. Impetigo ini ada 2 macam, dan sering keduanya punya nama yang berbeda pula. Impetigo krustosa yang disebut cacar madu (pada beberapa daerah), dan impetigo krustosa atau cacar api / cacar monyet. Wah banyak ternyata ya ?? :)

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anak, bayi, bullosa, bullous, cacar api, cacar monyet, impetigo, penyakit kulit
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Habis Rokok Terbitlah Diabetes…

dr. Arief | October 17, 2008


Tulisan ini saya post di bawah kategori “Manfaat Rokok”. Sengaja saya buat kategori ini karena Indonesia adalah salah satu negara yang terbanyak perokoknya… lagi-lagi bukan suatu yang bisa kita banggakan. Lantas mengapa terjadi beramai-ramai di sini ? Silakan “Tanya Kenapa”…

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My feedburner had a hiccup…

dr. Arief | October 14, 2008

Pengumuman penting bagi para subscriber feed saya, mohon maaf karena masalah teknis feeder yang lama harus dihapus dan diganti dengan feed line yang baru. Tetap sama menggunakan feedburner.com, hanya feeding line nya diganti menjadi :

  • http://feeds.feedburner.com/drarief untuk feed reade,r dan
  • http://www.feedburner.com/fb/a/emailverifySubmit?feedId=2423316&loc=en_US untuk email-based feeds.

Saya sudah mengkonfigurasi feed yang lama agar tetap nyambung dengan yang baru, namun bila tidak berhasil mohon dengan hormat di klik manual yaaa :)

Regards,
- Arief -

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Diabetes Melitus ? Apa sih ?

dr. Arief | October 13, 2008

DM atau diabetes melitus di Indonesia lebih populer dengan sebutan “kencing manis”. Penyakit ini diam-diam sempat menduduki peringkat 5 besar penyakit kelas dunia. Ini bukanlah suatu prestasi yang layak dibanggakan lho… Jenis peyakit ini ada 2 macam, yaitu jenis yang tergantung pada insuin, disebut juga insulin dependent DM dan jenis yang tidak tergantung insulin atau disebut juga non-insulin dependent DM. Sebenarnya jenis lainnya juga ada, namun tidak saya jabarkan di sini.

Bila Anda adalah seorang penderita baru penyakit ini, mungkin Anda akan bertanya-tanya apa dan bagaimana kelanjutan terapinya, akankah menjadi sembuh total seperti sediakala, atau hidup normal kembali suatu saat. Langsung saja kita bahas di sini.

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diabetes melitus, dm, drarief.com, gula, kencing manis, penyakit
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Eid Mubarak !

dr. Arief | October 3, 2008

Selamat Hari Raya Iedul Fitri 1429 H
Semoga Allah Subhanahu wa Ta’ala menerima amal ibadah kita.

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